Soil Amendment with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Biochar Improves Salinity Tolerance, Growth, and Lipid Metabolism of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salt stress in soils impacts grain crop yield. Soil amendment with biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal alone has been analyzed to improve the growth of several crops under salinity stress. However, combined application fungi for remediation improvement productivity wheat are rarely discussed have remained unclear. Therefore, this experiment was performed investigate effect (150 g per each treated pot containing 3 kg soil) and/or (20 AMF inoculum 80% roots, 100–160 spores, extraradical hyphae pot) on (Triticum aestivum L.) four salt gradients; 0, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl. The results show significantly reduced plant height (9.9% 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% 64.4%), enzymatic activities (34.1% 39.3%), photosynthetic pigments—i.e., total chlorophyll contents (75.0%) carotenoids (56.2%) plants—as compared control. Under exclusive application, plants were moderately tolerant stress, which evident their growth, fatty acid content, partially impaired activity, pigments, while relatively sensitive resulting rate, decreased unsaturated composition, pigments. Conversely, co-application AMF, increased (14.1%), biomass (75.7%), root (24.9%), activity (49.5%), unimpaired pigments (30.2% 54.8%) Current findings concluded that incorporation biochar, synergistic could be utilized as a promising way reduce deleterious effects production.